The aim of this essay is to show how the issues of asylum and immigration have been formulated as security issues in EU policy by applying a discursive approach to policy analysis and securitization, analyzing selected policy texts produced by the European Commission and the Council for Justice and Home Affairs from 1999 to 2006. The positioning of these issues in the policy domain of ‘Freedom, Security and Justice’ has facilitated a linkage between these issues and issues like terrorism and organized crime and has enabled a formulation of asylum and immigration according to a logic of securitization. The analysis of policy texts aims at investigating how linkages between issues are represented, how these linkages shape issues, and how the policy, in formulating threats and responses, also represent the EU in very specific ways. Policy from this perspective is not the rational answer to an unambigous reality but rather, highly implicated in its production. An important part of this analysis is drawing out the implications of the policy, in terms of further policy development, as well as how the policy implicates particular ways of dealing with those represented as for instance ‘illegal immigrants’ or ‘illegitimate asylum seekers’.
Contents
1 Introduction
1.1 Background and problem description
1.2 Scientific aim and research questions
1.3 Scope of study
1.4 Disposition
1.5 Review of reconciliation research
1.5.1 Controversial issues regarding reconciliation
1.5.2 Major strands of reconciliation discourse
1.5.3 Discussing with the scholars
1.6 Review of research – international law and tribunals
2 Theory and method
2.1 Reconciliation theory
2.1.1 Aspects of reconciliation
2.1.2 Levels of reconciliation
2.1.3 An analytical tool
2.1.4 Connections between reconciliation and democratization
2.2 Method
2.2.1 Interview as a method
2.2.2 Execution of the study
2.2.3 Levels of analysis
2.2.4 Criticism of sources
2.2.5 Criticism of sources in practice
3 Cambodia
3.1 Political history -1991
3.2 Political history 1991-
3.3 Domestic politics
4 The Khmer Rouge tribunal
4.1 Origins of the Khmer Rouge tribunal
4.2 Organization of the ECCC
4.3 Grounds for indictment
4.4 The genocide issue
4.5 Purposes of the tribunal
4.6 Problems facing the tribunal
5 Reconciliation
5.1 Views on reconciliation
5.2 Reconciliation and justice
5.2.1 Confidence and trust
5.2.2 Disaggregation of guilt
5.2.3 Functioning institution
5.2.4 Rectification
5.2.5 Retributive-restorative balance
5.2.6 Summary of reconciliation and justice
5.3 Reconciliation and truth
5.3.1 Empathy
5.3.2 Truth-telling
5.3.3 Reconciliation events
5.3.4 Acknowledgment and remorse
5.3.5 Awareness and responsibility for reconciliation
5.3.6 Summary of reconciliation and truth
5.4 Conclusions on the state of reconciliation
6 The ECCC and reconciliation
6.1 Views on the ECCC’s importance for reconciliation
6.2 The ECCC and justice
6.2.1 Justice variables possibly influenced by the ECCC
6.3 The ECCC and truth
6.3.1 Truth variables possibly influenced by the ECCC
6.4 Conclusions on the connections between the ECCC and the reconciliation process
7 Concluding discussion
7.1 Findings
7.2 Theory discussion
7.3 Suggestions for future research
8 References
8.1 Print
8.2 Articles
8.3 Internet
8.4 Interviews
Facts on Cambodia
Author: Norman, Ludvig
Source: Sodertorn University
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