Education for teenagers with diabetes has had limited effects to date, especially regarding metabolic control. The development had been towards more patient-centred approaches, like empowerment, motivational interviews and family behavioural programmes. A patient-centred approach means that the patient is expected to take control of the management of the disease. The empowerment approach has been implemented in adults with diabetes, with some positive results.The aims of this thesis were to evaluate empowerment group education and education in a camp setting, and to validate the “Check your health” instrument which can be used to assess the effects of such education programmes on perceived health and the burden of diabetes.Thirty-two teenagers between 12 and 17 years of age were randomized to either an intervention group or a wait-listed control group. The intervention consisted of six group sessions with an empowerment approach as the theoretical frame. Thirty-one of the teenagers were interviewed two weeks after the empowerment education programme was completed.The programme did not have any positive effect on metabolic control between-groups, but within groups HbA1c and readiness to change increased. According to the definition of empowerment, which pinpoints decision-making, the interviews were analysed with that in focus. In the interviews the teenagers described five categories they perceived as important for decision-making competence: cognitive maturity, personal qualities, experience, social network and parent involvement. Parent involvement was described as both constructive and destructive. These categories were interpreted in the overall theme that “teenagers deserve respect and support for their shortcomings during the maturity process”.Ninety teenagers between 14 and 17 years of age attended education in a camp setting and were compared to a reference group, who had declined participation. The camp did not have any positive effect on metabolic control, but the frequency of insulin pump use after camp education increased. In a cross-sectional comparison, the campers had more positive attitudes towards diabetes and self-care than the non-campers did.
The “Check your health” instrument was tested for reliability and validity in 199 teenagers between 12 and 17 years of age. The instrument was found to be reliable and valid for use on a group level in teenagers with diabetes.In conclusion, empowerment education programmes should be tailored to suit young people with diabetes, and should preferably be integrated into routine care. Teenagers who prefer individual education may be offered an individual education plan. Parents should be involved in all education of teenagers with diabetes, with the purpose of increasing teamwork and decreasing control and conflict. Continued assessment of teenagers perceived health and perceived burden of diabetes can be carried out using the “Check your health” instrument.
Contents
Introduction
Diabetes and adolescence
Patient education
Patient education for teenagers with diabetes
Empowerment
Empowerment education for teenagers
Factors of importance for successful education in teenagers
Attendance Rate
Behavioural interventions with or without parent involvement
Parent involvement
Evaluation of patient education
Health-related quality of life
Health
Quality of Life
QoL and psychological health in teenagers with diabetes
Relation between HbA1c and QoL
Different measures of QoL used in the literature
Rationale of the thesis
Specific aims
Methods
Designs
Samples
Interventions
The empowerment programme
The schooner programme
Measures
HbA1c
Swe-DES-23
Semantic Differential in Diabetes (SDD)
Study-specific questionnaire
Interview guide
DCGM-37
DCGM-37, diabetes module
Check your health
Procedure
The empowerment programme and interviews
The schooner programme
Validity- and reliability-test of “Check your health”
Data Analyses
Quantitative
Qualitative
Ethical consideration
Results
Empowerment group education programme
Metabolic control
Empowerment
Parent involvement
Factors affecting decision-making competence in diabetes management
Cognitive maturity
Personal qualities
Experience
Social network
Parent involvement
The schooner programme
Metabolic control and treatment
Attitudes towards diabetes and self-care
Self-management
Attendance rate
The psychometric properties of the “Check your health” instrument
Reliability
Scoring
Convergent validity
Discriminant validity
Discussion
General discussion
Methodological considerations
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Author: Viklund, Gunnel
Source: Uppsala University Library
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