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Dopamine neurons in ventral mesencephalon: interactions with glia and locus coeruleus

Parkinson’s disease is a progressing neurodegenerative dysfunction, seen as a exhaustion of the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. The reason for the disorder is still unidentified but age, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation are among the attributes involved in the deterioration. Additionally, significant cell death of noradrenergic neurons occurs in the locus coeruleus (LC). Noradrenaline has long been recommended to defend the dopamine neurons from oxidative stress and neuroinflammation.

Renal Dysfunction and Cardiovascular Disease

Kidney malfunction results cardiovascular disease (CVD) probability. The means for the threat increase frequently include a mixture of traditional and non-traditional CVD risk factors.We analyzed renal disorder as CVD and mortality threat factor in middle-aged males free from diabetes and CVD. The chance for myocardial infarction (MI) and CVD death was enhanced by ~40% in the 16.5% of men with worse kidney function.